References and evidence base

References behind Road Risk

References support the method, interpretation, technical implementation, and limitations of the model. They do not imply endorsement or official status.

Review method Project overview

Source-to-feature map

Which sources support which public features

Page Purpose

Source-to-feature map

Use this map before the reference register. It explains why each source group appears in the project.

Method and formulas: Physics, road-safety interpretation, geometry, and scenario assumptions.
Map and routing: OpenStreetMap-derived geometry, MapTiler rendering, and OpenRouteService where configured.
Observed context: RSA Recorded Collisions are cited as historical source data, not model output or endorsement.
Public evidence: Reviewed Results cases, validation boundaries, and source acknowledgements support transparent review.

Source use

Sources support the method, not official status

Reference boundary

Road Risk uses references to guide modelling and interpretation. They do not validate specific app outputs as real-world crash risk.

Research Boundary

The current app remains a student research system, not an official assessment standard or safety-rating system.

Most important sources

Sources judges should understand first

Method context

AASHTO / Highway Safety Manual

Supports the general safety-analysis framing and the need to distinguish analysis context from direct prediction.

Formula context

Vehicle dynamics texts

Provide background for interpreting vehicle motion, friction, turning demand, and stopping-related physical relationships.

Infrastructure context

TII, EU Directive, iRAP, and PIARC

Provide network-assessment and infrastructure-safety context without making Road Risk an official standard.

Data and technical

OSM, Overpass, Leaflet, MapTiler, OpenRouteService

Support the public-data and mapping implementation, including volunteered geographic information limitations.

Observed context

Road Safety Authority collision context

Supports historical collision-context comparison while preserving the boundary that RSA records do not prove Road Risk model outputs.

Weather and behaviour

Weather, visibility, and behaviour sources

Support why adverse conditions and behavioural assumptions matter, while not proving any specific app output is real-world crash risk.

Reference register

Initial structured reference groups

Category	Reference group	Supports
Books and core method	AASHTO Highway Safety Manual	Road-safety method context and safety-analysis framing.
Books and core method	Rajamani, Vehicle Dynamics and Control	Vehicle-dynamics background for friction, turning demand, and stopping relationships.
Infrastructure guidance	TII, EU Directive 2008/96/EC, iRAP, and PIARC	Road infrastructure safety-management and assessment context without making Road Risk an official standard.
Geometry and human factors	Geometric design, curve, and human-factors sources	Context for interpreting curvature, visibility, and road-form mechanisms.
Open map data	OpenStreetMap, Overpass API, Haklay, and OSMnx	Public-data use, volunteered geographic information, and road-network analysis context.
Weather and behaviour	Qiu and Nixon, Stevens et al., Eisenberg and Warner, Abdel-Aty et al.	Evidence context for adverse weather, visibility, and behavioural sensitivity.
Technical documentation	Leaflet, MapTiler, OpenRouteService, MathJax	Implementation references for mapping, route tools, isochrones, and mathematical notation.
RSA collision context	Road Safety Authority collision statistics and collision-map source context	Historical observed-collision context for comparison, calibration planning, source acknowledgement, and limitation wording.
Licensing and formats	OSM copyright, ODbL, RFC 7946, RFC 4180	Attribution, database licensing, GeoJSON, and CSV context.

Feedback context

Feedback and guidance without endorsement claims

Category	Context	How it is used
Academic feedback	Transport planning review context	Feedback helped with transparency, legitimacy, scientific presentation, and infrastructure variables.
Road-safety context	RSA guidance	Assistance helped with responsible communication and data-related framing.
Policy context	European Commission DG MOVE	Policy context includes Directive 2008/96/EC and network-wide assessment concepts.
Research materials	NHTSA sources	Research materials form part of the wider road-safety evidence background.